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If you never heard of mach system calls and specifically task_for_pid() call on Mac OS X, you can consider yourself lucky. If you want to stay that way – stop reading now! Still here? In that case let's start with disclaimer – author of this text is not and can not be in any way responsible for damage produced or influenced by this article.
Prior to the Mac OS X 10.4.X (Tiger), it was completely legal for one process to control another for the purpose of influencing its execution (single stepping, resuming, stopping etc) and inspecting or modifying its memory and registers. In one of the patches for Tiger, this policy was changed so that only a process owned by root or with a 'primary effective group of procmod or procview' has this privilege. In Leopard (Mac OS X 10.5), this policy was changed again (that much about consistent security policy – nice work Apple) such that an inspector process now depends on the security framework to authorize use of the task_for_pid system service which gives a process the capability to control another process.
To build a utility that will use task_for_pid(), you need to do the following:
So let's get started.
Step 1 – Create Info.plist
I used one of the standard Info.plist files I could find in Xcode and changed some particular parts as can be seen in following example:
The important part is key 'SecTaskAccess' with value 'allowed'.
Step 2 – Create self-signed code signing certificate
Open your Keychain Access and do the following:
When created – this certificate will be untrusted by default – change 'When using this certificate' to 'Always Trust' and you should be OK and ready to go for the next step.
Step 3 – Write your program
I wrote a very simple program that takes PID of a process you want to investigate (ran by your UID), connects to it and writes current register values for it. Code is pretty self-explaining so I won't go into nifty details:
Step 4 – Compile and sign
To compile the program I used following command line:
To sign the code with certificate we prepared before – do this:
We can check if everything went OK:
This looks good – let's test it.
Step 5 – Test program
It works.
Everyone knows about PID, Do you have below questions in your mind
- What PID does exactly?
- Why do you need a PID?
- What are we going to do using PID?
If so, you are in the right place to get all the details.
Essentially, we are looking for a PID to kill an unresponsive program, and it's like the Windows Task Manager.The Linux GUI also provides the same feature, but the CLI is an efficient way to perform the kill function.
What is Process ID (PID)
PID refers to process ID, which is commonly used by most operating system kernels, such as Linux, Unix, MacOS and Windows.
This is a unique ID that is automatically assigned to each process when it is created. A process is a running instance of a program.
What is Parent Process ID (PPID)
A parent process is a process that has created one or more child processes. Each child process is given a Parental Process ID (PPID), and the parent process kills the child when it completes their operation.
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You may be interested to read the below articles, as these are related to this topic.
Each time the process ID is changed to all processes except init. the init is always the first process in the system and the ancestor of all other processes. It holds PID 1.
The default maximum value of PIDs is 32,768. This can be verified by running the following command
cat /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max on your computer.
32,768 is the maximum value on 32-bit systems, but can be set to any value up to 2^22 (approximately 4 million) on 64-bit systems.
You may ask, why do we need such size PIDs? This is because PIds cannot be reused immediately and to prevent potential errors.
You can find the PID of processes running on the system using the below nine methods, such as pidof command, pgrep command, ps command, pstree command, ss command, netstat command, lsof command, fuser command, and systemctl command.
This can be achieved using the below nine methods.
pidof:pidof – find the process ID of a running program.pgrep:pgre – look up or signal processes based on name and other attributes.ps:ps – report a snapshot of the current processes.pstree:pstree – display a tree of processes.ss:ss is used to dump socket statistics.netstat:netstat is displays a list of open sockets.lsof:lsof – list open files.fuser:fuser – list process IDs of all processes that have one or more files opensystemctl:systemctl – Control the systemd system and service manager
To prove this, we are going to find the Apache process ID. Make sure to enter your process name instead of us.
Method-1: How to find the Process ID (PID) of a program running on Linux using the pidof Command
The pidof command is used to find the process ID of the running program. It prints those IDs into the standard output. To demonstrate this, we are going to find the Apache2 process id from Debian 9 (stretch) system.
In the above output you may have difficulties identifying the process ID because it displays all PIDs (including parent and child) against the process name.
So we need to find the Parent Process PID (PPID), which is what we are looking for. This may be the first number. In my case it is 3754 and it is sorted in descending order.
Method-2: How to find the Process ID (PID) of a program running on Linux using the pgrep Command
The pgrep command looks at the processes currently running and lists the process IDs that match the selection criteria.
This is similar to the output above, but it sorted the results in ascending order, which clearly states that the parent process PID is last. In my case it is 3754.
Note: If you have more than one process ID, you may have trouble identifying the parent process ID when using the pidof & pgrep command.
Method-3: How to find the Process ID (PID) of a program running on Linux using the pstree Command
The pstree command shows running processes as a tree. The tree is rooted at either pid or init if pid is omitted. If a user name is specified in the pstree command then it's shows all the process owned by the corresponding user.
pstree visually merges identical branches by putting them in square brackets and prefixing them with the repetition count.
To get only the parent process, use the following format. Europa universalis iv free demo.
The pstree command is very simple because it separates the parent and child processes separately, but is not easy when using the pidof & pgrep command.
Method-4: How to find the Process ID (PID) of a program running on Linux using the ps Command
The ps command displays information about a selection of the active processes. It displays the process ID (pid=PID), the terminal associated with the process (tname=TTY), the cumulated CPU time in [DD-]hh:mm:ss format (time=TIME), and the executable name (ucmd=CMD). Output is unsorted by default.
From the above output you can easily identify the Parent Process ID (PPID) based on the process start date. In my case the Apache 2 process started on Dec11, which is the parent process and the others are the child process. Apache2's PID is 3754.
Method-5: How to find the Process ID (PID) of a program running on Linux using the ss Command
The ss command is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar to netstat. It can display more TCP and state information than other tools.
It can display stats for all kind of sockets such as PACKET, TCP, UDP, DCCP, RAW, Unix domain, etc.
Method-6: How to find the Process ID (PID) of a program running on Linux using the netstat Command
The netstat command is used to print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. By default, netstat displays a list of open sockets.
If you don't specify any address families, then the active sockets of all configured address families will be printed. This program is obsolete. Replacement for netstat is ss.
Method-7: How to find the Process ID (PID) of a program running on Linux using the lsof Command
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The lsof command is used to list open files. The Linux lsof command lists information about files that are open by processes running on the system.
Method-8: How to find the Process ID (PID) of a program running on Linux using the fuser Command
The fuser utility shall write to standard output the process IDs of processes running on the local system that have one or more named files open.
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Method-9: How to find the Process ID (PID) of a program running on Linux using the systemctl Command
The systemctl command is used to control the systemd service manager. This is a replacement for the old SysVinit system management, and most of the modern Linux operating systems have been moved to the systemd.
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